The Phenomenon of Legal Culture as a Component of the Legal System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57125/FEL.2023.06.25.03Keywords:
legal culture, socio-economic factors, rule of law, panel data, FMOLSAbstract
The problem of legal culture, as an element which influences the law enforcement system has attracted much attention from scholars. This study aims to explore the factors affecting rule of law among selected high, upper-middle and lower-middle-income countries from 2000–2021. The paper examines the rule of law by considering gross domestic product, education level judicial independence corruption perceptions index, urbanization, income inequality, political stability and social globalization. Cross section dependence test indicates that there is an issue of cross-section dependence. So, second generation unit root tests of CIPS and CADF was used and found that all variables as stationary at first difference. Durbin-Hausman co-integration test proposed by Westerlund (2008) test was used to check the cointegration and found that statistics are significant, so, cointegration exists among the series. The fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least method (DOLS) was used to find the long-run relationships. The FMOLS method found that the rule of law has positive relationship with GDP, Education level, judicial independence, Urbanization, political stability and social globalization while it has negative relationship with corruption level and income inequality. This study is unique because it allows paired comparison runs to show significant educational stratification and inequality differences. These findings are important because they help policymakers and educators understand how educational reforms and policies to reduce socioeconomic inequality may affect inequalities in societies with cultural similarities but different political ideologies. Intervention design must aim to increase education and reduce inequality. The key policy suggestions lean on the capacity-building in judicial independence, transparency and accountability, political stability-through more inclusive governance-and social globalization. These are essential reforms to enhance the effectiveness of legal institutions and governance outcomes.
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